Guides, Handbooks and References

There are a significant number additional resources related to the topic of bicycle (and pedestrian) safety and mobility. Many of the national and international guides, practitioner handbooks, research reports and other general references are provided in this section.

Domestic Guides and Handbooks

Bike Facility Planning and Design

• American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, Washington, D.C., 1999.
• American Planning Association, Bicycle Facility Planning, Planning Advisory Service Report 459, Chicago, IL, 1995.
• U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Tech Brief: Characteristics of Emerging Road and Trail Users and Their Safety. FHWA-HRT-04-104 September 2004. Available at http://www.tfhrc.gov/safety/pubs/04104/
• Institute of Transportation Engineers, Innovative Bicycle Treatments: An Informational Report, Washington, D.C., 2002.
• Oregon Department of Transportation, Oregon Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan, 1995.
• North Carolina Department of Transportation, North Carolina Bicycle Facilities Planning and Design Guidelines, NCDOT Division of Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation, 1994.

Bicycle/Pedestrian Safety

• Federal Highway Administration. Good Practices Guide for Bicycle Safety Education, FHWA-SA-02-001 / HSA-4/30-02(5M)QE, Washington, DC, 2002, available online at http://www.bicyclinginfo.org/ee/bestguide.cfm
• Federal Highway Administration, National Bicycling and Walking Study Ten Year Status Report October 2004, 2004, available online at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bikeped/study/index.htm
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration / Federal Highway Administration, Bicycle Safety Resource Guide (CD-ROM), see http://www.bicyclinginfo.org/rd/safety.htm#cd for ordering information.
  
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Survey of Pedestrian and Bicyclist Attitudes and Behaviors, Highlights Report, n.d., available online at http://www.walkinginfo.org/survey2002.htm
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts – Pedalcyclists, 2003 Data, 2003, available online at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/TSF2003/809768.pdf
• Zegeer, C.V., C. Seiderman, P. Lagerwey, M. Cynecki, M. Ronkin, and R. Schneider, Pedestrian Facilities User Guide: Providing Safety and Mobility, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA, 2002, available online at http://www.walkinginfo.org/pdf/peduserguide/peduserguide.pdf, accessed April 23, 2004.

Bridge Design

• American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Guide Specifications for Bridge Railings, Washington, D.C., 1989.
• American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 17th Edition, Washington, D.C., 2002.

Crash Analysis

• Harkey, D., S. Tsai, L. Thomas and W.W. Hunter, Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis Tool (PBCAT) Version 2.0, Application Manual, Report No. FHWA-HRT-06-089, and Software FHWA-HRT-06-091, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Research and Development, McLean, Virginia, March 2006. Available online at http://www.bicyclinginfo.org/pbcat

Laws

• National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances, Uniform Vehicle Code, 1992.

Rail/Trail

• “Rails to Trails: Lessons Learned,“ FTA-MA-26-0052-04-1. Available online at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rectrails/rwt/

Roadway Design

• American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Washington, D.C., 2001.
• American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Roadway Design Guide, 3rd Edition, Washington, D.C., 2002.
• Institute of Transportation Engineers, Guidelines for Residential Subdivision Street Design: An ITE Recommended Practice, Washington, D.C., 1993.
• Institute of Transportation Engineers, Guidelines for Urban Major Street Design: An ITE Recommended Practice, Washington, D.C., 1984.
• Institute of Transportation Engineers, Traditional Neighborhood Development Street Design Guidelines: Recommended Practice, Washington, D.C., 1999.
• Planning Division, Median Handbook, Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL, 1997, available online at http://www.dot.state.fl.us/planning/systems/sm/accman/pdfs/mhb2.pdf, accessed April 23, 2004.

Roadway Operations and Capacity

• Institute of Transportation Engineers, “Guidelines for Prohibition of Turns on Red,” ITE Journal, Vol. 54, No. 2, February 1984, pp. 17–19.
• National Research Council, Transportation Research Board, Highway Capacity Manual 2000, Washington, D.C., 1999, 2000.

School Safety

• Florida Department of Transportation, Florida School Crossing Guard Training Guidelines, available online at http://www.dot.state.fl.us/Safety/ped_bike/brochures/pdf/xingguard.pdf.
• Karplus, K., Guidelines for Choosing a Safe Bicycle Route to School, available online at http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/~karplus/bike/safe-route-to-school.html, accessed April 06, 2004.
• “School Trip Safety Guidelines,” ITE Journal, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, D.C., 1985.

Traffic Calming

• Ewing, R., Institute of Transportation Engineers/ FHWA, Traffic Calming State of the Practice, Washington, D.C., 1999.
• Noyes, P. Traffic Calming Primer, Pat Noyes & Associates, Boulder, CO, 1998.

Traffic Control Devices

• Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, Washington, D.C., 2003, available online at http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov

Traffic Engineering

• Institute of Transportation Engineers, Traffic Engineering Council Speed Humps Task Force, Guidelines for the Design and Application of Speed Humps, Washington, D.C., 1997.
• Institute of Transportation Engineers, The Traffic Safety ToolBox: A Primer on Traffic Safety, Washington, D.C., 1994.
• Institute of Transportation Engineers, Traffic Engineering Handbook, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1999 (draft).
• Institute of Transportation Engineers, Transportation and Traffic Engineering Handbook, Washington, D.C., 1990.

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International Guides and Handbooks

Bicycle/Pedestrian Safety

• Federal Highway Administration, FHWA Study Tour for Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety in England, Germany, and the Netherlands, Report No. FHWA/PL-95/006, Washington, D.C., 1994.

  Gilleran, B.F. and G. Pates, Bicycling and Walking in the Nineties and Beyond: Applying Scandinavian Experience to America’s Challenges, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., January 1999.

  Hummel, T., Dutch Pedestrian Safety Research Review, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., January 1999.

Bike Facility Planning and Design

• Dutch Centre for Research and Contract Standardization in Civil and Traffic Engineering, Sign Up for the Bike: Design Manual for a Cycle-Friendly Infrastructure, The Netherlands, September 1994.

  Diepens and Okkema Traffic Consultants, International Handbook for Cycle Network Design, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, 1995.

Roadway Operations and Capacity

• Denmark Ministry of Transport, Speed Management: National Practice and Experiences in Denmark, The Netherlands, and in the United Kingdom, Report No. 167, Traffic Safety and Environment, Road Directorate, 1999.

Traffic Calming

• County Surveyors Society, Department of Transport, Association of Metropolitan District Engineers, Association of London Borough Engineers and Surveyors, and Association of Chief Technical Officers, Traffic Calming in Practice, Great Britain, 1994.

  Devon County Council Engineering and Planning, Traffic-Calming Guidelines, Great Britain, 1991.

  Hass-Klau, C. et al., Civilised Streets — A Guide to Traffic Calming, Environment & Transport Planning, Brighton, England, 1992.

  Hawley, L., C. Henson, A. Hulse, and R. Brindle, Towards Traffic Calming: A Practitioners’ Manual of Implemented Local Area Traffic Management and Blackspot Devices, Report No. CR 126, Federal Office of Road Safety, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia, 1992.

  Herrstedt, L. et al., An Improved Traffic Environment — A Catalogue of Ideas, Danish Road Directorate, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1993.

  Transportation Association of Canada and the Canadian Institute of Transportation Engineers, Canadian Guide to Neighbourhood Traffic Calming, December 1998.

Traffic Control Devices

• Standards Association of Australia, Australian Standard: Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices, Part 13: Local Area Traffic Management, North Sydney, Australia, 1991.

Traffic Engineering

• Denmark Ministry of Transport, An Improved Traffic Environment — A Catalogue of Ideas, Report 106, Road Data Laboratory, Road Standard Division, Road Directorate, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1993.

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Articles, Research Reports and General References

• American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Right-Turn-on-Red Task Force, Safety and Delay Impacts of Right-Turn-on-Red, Washington, D.C., 1979.
• American Society for Testing and Materials, Standard No. ASTM1501-99e1, Standard Specification for Nighttime Photometric Performance of Retroreflective Pedestrian Markings for Visibility Enhancement, West Conshohocken, PA, 2003, available online at http://www.astm.org, accessed July 23, 2004.
• Appleyard, D., Livable Streets, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1981.
• Beck, K., The Case for Bicycle Law Enforcement, International Police Mountain Bike Association (IPMBA) News, Baltimore, MD, Spring 2002.
• Bicycle Federation of America, The Basics of Bicycling, Washington, D.C., 1991.
• Blomberg, R.D., Cross, K.D., Farrell, M.L., Hale, A., and Leaf, W.A., Identification and Development of Countermeasures for Bicyclist/Motor-Vehicle Problem Types, Vol.1–3, Norwalk, CT, Dunlap and Associates, 1982.
• Blomberg, R.D., DeBartolo, K.B., Leaf, W.A., and Preusser, D.F., The Effect of Right-Turn-On-Red on Pedestrian and Bicyclist Accidents, Norwalk, CT, Dunlap and Associates, Inc., 1981.
• Blomberg, R.D., Hale, A. and D.F. Preusser, Conspicuity for Pedestrians and Bicyclists: Definition of the Problem, Development and Test of Countermeasures, Report No. DOT HS 806 563, NHTSA, Washington, D.C., 1984.
• Botma, H. and Mulder, W. “Required Widths of Paths, Lanes, Roads and Streets for Bicycle Traffic,” 17 Summaries of Major Dutch Research Studies About Bicycle Traffic, Grontmij Consulting Engineers, The Netherlands, 1993.
• “Bronx ‘Safe Routes To School’ Campaign Blazes New Path,” Transportation Alternatives Magazine, September/October 1998, pp. 12–13, available online at http://www.transalt.org/press/magazine/985SepOct/12-13saferoutes.html, accessed April 6, 2004.
• Brookline Transportation Department, Neighborhood Traffic Calming Program for Residential Streets, Town of Brookline, MA, 1996.
• Brownfield, D.J., “Environmental Areas: Interim Report on a Before-After Accident Study,” Traffic Engineering and Control, Vol. 21, No. 5, May 1980.
• Burden, D., Walkable and Bicycle-Friendly Communities, Florida Department of Transportation, 1996.
• Burrington, S.H., “Restoring the Rule of Law and Respect for Communities in Transportation,” Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 5, No. 3, New York University, 1996.
• Carter, D.L., Hunter, W.W., Zegeer, C.V., Stewart, J.R., and Huang, H. Index for Assessing Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety at Intersections. Washington, D.C.: Federal Highway Administration, In press.
• Citizens Advocating Responsible Transportation (CART), Traffic Calming — The Solution to Urban Traffic and a New Vision for Neighborhood Livability, Ashgrove, Australia, 1989 (reprinted by Sensible Trans­ portation Options for People (STOP), Oregon, 1993).
• City of Cambridge, MA, Preliminary Results: Effects of Columbia Street Traffic Calming Project on Driver Behavior, 2000.
• Clarke, A. and M.J. Dornfeld, “Case Study No. 19: Traffic Calming, Auto-Restricted Zones and Other Traffic Management Techniques – Their Effects on Bicycling and Pedestrians,” National Bicycling and Walking Study, Report No. FHWA-PD-93-028, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., January 1994.
• Cleven, A.M. and R.D. Blomberg. “Case Study No. 12: Incorporating Consideration of Bicyclists and Pedestrians into Education Programs,” National Bicycling and Walking Study, Report No. FHWAPD-92-036, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1992.
• Cline, E., “Design of Speed Humps...Or The Kinder, Gentler Speed Hump,” Presented at the 45th California Symposium on Transportation Issues, May 12-14, 1993.
• Conservation Law Foundation, City Routes, City Rights: Building Livable Neighborhoods and Environmental Justice by Fixing Transportation, June 1998.
• Conservation Law Foundation, Road Kill: How Solo Driving Runs Down the Economy, May 1994.
• Conservation Law Foundation, Take Back Your Streets: How to Protect Communities From Asphalt and Traffic, May 1995.
• County Surveyors Society, Traffic Calming in Practice, Landor Publishing Ltd., 1994.
• Cross, K.D., Bicycle-Safety Education, Facts and Issues, Falls Church, VA, AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 1978.
• Cross, K.D. and Fisher, G., Identification of Specific Problems and Countermeasure Approaches to Enhance Bicycle Safety, Anacapa Sciences, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, 1977.
• Davis, J., Bicycle Safety Evaluation, Auburn University, city of Chattanooga, and Chattanooga-Hamilton County Regional Planning Commission, Chattanooga, TN, June 1987.
• Delft Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, Cities Make Room for Cyclists, Delft, The Netherlands, August 1995.
• Denmark Ministry of Transport, An Improved Traffic Environment: A Catalogue of Ideas, Traffic Safety and Environment, Road Directorate, 1993.
• Denmark Ministry of Transport, Bicycle Markings: Safety Effects at Signalized Intersections, Traffic Safety and Environment, Road Directorate, 1996.
• Denmark Ministry of Transport, Safety of Cyclists in Urban Areas: Danish Experiences, Traffic Safety and Environment, Road Directorate, 1994.
• Denmark Ministry of Transport, The Traffic Safety Effects of Bicycle Lanes in Urban Areas, Traffic Safety and Environment, Road Directorate, 1996.
• Design Commission, Engineering Department and Strategic Planning Office, Making Streets that Work, Seattle, WA, April 1995.
• Dill, J., and Carr, T., “Bicycle Commuting and Facilities in Major U.S. Cities: If You Build Them, Commuters Will Use Them,” Transportation Research Record 1828, 2003.
• Engwicht, D., Reclaiming Our Cities and Towns: Better Living With Less Traffic, New Society Publishers, Philadelphia, PA, 1993.
• Engwicht, D., “What Is Second-Generation Traffic-Calming?” Creative Communities International, available online at http://www.lesstraffic.com/Articles/Traffic/SGTC.htm, accessed April 06, 2004.
• Environmental Working Group, Bicycle Federation of American and Surface Transportation Policy Project, Share the Road: Let’s Make America Bicycle Friendly, May 1997.
• Epperson, B., “Evaluating the Suitability of Roadways for Bicycle Use: Towards a Cycling Level of Service,” Transportation Research Record 1438, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1994.
• Federal Highway Administration, Bicycle Safety-Related Research Synthesis, Washington, D.C., April 1995.
• Federal Highway Administration, Bicycling & Walking in the Nineties and Beyond: Applying the Scandinavian Experience to America’s Challenge, Washington, D.C., November 1994.
• Federal Highway Administration, “Case Study No. 12: Incorporating Consideration of Bicyclists and Pedestrians into Education Programs,” National Bicycling and Walking Study, Report No. FHWA 343 120, 85904, Washington, D.C., 1993.
• Federal Highway Administration, “Case Study No. 19: Traffic Calming, Auto-Restricted Zones and Other Traffic Management Techniques,” National Bicycling and Walking Study, Washington, D.C., 1994
• Federal Highway Administration, “Case Study No. 21: Integrating Bicycle and Pedestrian Considerations Into State and Local Transportation Planning, Design, and Operations,” National Bicycling and Walking Study, Washington, D.C., 1994.
• Federal Highway Administration, Flexibility in Highway Design, Washington, D.C., 1997.
• Federal Highway Administration, Safety Effectiveness of Highway Design Features, Volume VI: Pedestrians and Bicyclists, Washington, D.C., 1991.
• Federal Highway Administration, The National Bicycling and Walking Study: Transportation Choices for a Changing America, Final Report, USDOT, FHWA, Washington, D.C., 1994.
• Forester, J., Cycling Traffic Engineering Handbook, Custom Cycle Fitness, Palo Alto, CA, 1977.
• Freedman, M., M.S. Janoff, B.W. Koth, and W. McCunney, Fixed Illumination for Pedestrian Protection, Report No. FHWA-RD-76-8, Federal Highway Administration, 1975.
• Gehl, J., Life Between Buildings, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1987.
• Gliewe R., M. Limbourg, and B. Pappritz, “German Examples of Safer Routes to School,” Paper presented at the Road Safety Education Conference in York, United Kingdom, June 1998, available online at http://www.uni-essen.de/~qpd400/texte.ml/york.html, accessed April 7, 2004.
• Harkey, D.L., Mekemson, J., Chen, M.C., and Krull, K. Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis Tool, Product No. FHWA-RD-99-192, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, December 1999.
• Harkey, D.L, Reinfurt, D.W., Knuiman, M., Stewart, J.R., and Sorton, A. Development of the Bicycle Compatibility Index: A Level of Service Concept, Federal Highway Administration, Report No. FHWA-RD-98-072, Washington, DC, December 1998.
• Harkey, D.L., and Stewart, J.R., “Evaluation of Shared-Use Facilities for Bicycles and Motor Vehicles,” Transportation Research Record 1578, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC 1997.
• Harkey, D.L., Stewart, J.R., and Rodgman, E.R. Evaluation of Shared-Use Facilities for Bicycles and Motor Vehicles in Florida. Study prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL, June 1996.
• Harkey, D.L., Tsai, S., Thomas, L., and Hunter, W.W. Pedestrian & Bicycle Crash Analysis Tool (PBCAT): User’s Manual, Washington, D.C.: Federal Highway Administration, Report No. FHWA-HRT-06-089, 2005.
• Hu, P.F. and J. Young, 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey: Summary of Travel Trends, Report No. FHWA-PL-92-027, Washington, D.C., Federal Highway Administration, March 1992, available online at http://npts.ornl.gov/npts/1990/.
• Hu, P.F., and J. Young, 1990 NPTS Databook: Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey, Report No. FHWA-PL-94-010A, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., November 1993.
• Huang, H.F. and Hunter, W.W., “User Counts on Bicycle Lanes and Multi-Use Paths in the United States.” Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, Transportation Research Record 1502, 1995.
• Hunter, W.W., An Evaluation of Red Shoulders as a Bicycle and Pedestrian Facility, Study prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation, July 1998.
• Hunter, W.W., Evaluation of an Innovative Application of the Bike Box, Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration, Report No. FHWA_RD_00_141, August 2000.
• Hunter, W.W., Evaluation of a Combined Bicycle Lane/Right Turn Lane in Eugene, Oregon, Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration, Report No. FHWA_RD_00_151, August 2000.
• Hunter, W.W. and Feaganes, J.R., Effect of Wide Curb Lane Conversions on Bicycle and Motor Vehicle Interactions, Study prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation (Contract BA784), April 2004.
• Hunter, W.W., Foss, R. D., Stutts, J.C., and Perriello, P.D., A Statewide Survey of Bicycle Helmet Use in North Carolina, (Project Report for Governor’s Highway Safety Program). Chapel Hill, NC: UNC Highway Safety Research Center, September 1999.
• Hunter, W.W., Harkey, D.L., Stewart, J.R., and Birk, M., Evaluation of the Blue Bike Lane Treatment Used in Bicycle-Motor Vehicle Conflict Areas in Portland, Oregon, Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration, Report No. FHWA_RD_00_150, August 2000.
• Hunter, W.W. and Stewart, J.R., An Evaluation of Bike Lanes Adjacent to Motor Vehicle Parking, Study prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation, December 1999.
• Hunter, W.W., Stutts, J.C., Pein, W.E., and Cox, C.L. Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Types of the Early 1990’s, Publication No. FHWA-RD-95-163, Washington, D.C.: Federal Highway Administration, June 1996.
• Hunter, W.W., Stutts, J.C., Pein, W.E. Bicycle Crash Types: A 1990’s Informational Guide, Washington, D.C.: Federal Highway Administration, Publication No. FHWA-RD-96-104, April 1997.
• Hunter, W.W., Stewart, J.R., Stutts, J.C., Huang, H.F., and Pein, W.E. A Comparison of Bicycle Lanes Versus Wide Curb Lanes: Final Report. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration, Publication No. FHWA-RD-99-034, October 1999.
• Hunter, W.W., Stewart, J.R., Stutts, J.C., Huang, H.F., and Pein, W.E. Bicycle Lanes versus Wide Curb Lanes: Operational and Safety Findings and Countermeasure Recommendations, Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration, Publication No. FHWA-RD-99-035. October 1999.
• Institute of Transportation Engineers and the Federal Highway Administration, Traffic Calming State of the Art, Washington, D.C., August 1999.
• Institute of Transportation Engineers, Residential Street Design and Traffic Control, Wolfgang Hamburger et al., Washington, D.C., 1989.
• Jacobs, A., Great Streets, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1994.
• Jacquemart, G., NCHRP Synthesis 264: Modern Roundabout Practice in the United States, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Synthesis of Highway Practice 264, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1998.
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• Khan, A.M. and Bacchus, A. “Bicycle Use of Highway Shoulders,” Transportation Research Record 1502, 1995, pp. 8–21.
• King, M. Bicycle Facility Selection – A Comparison of Approaches, Report prepared for the Pedestrian Bicycle Information Center, Highway Safety Research Center, 2002.
• Klik, M., and A. Faghri, “A Comparative Evaluation of Speed Humps and Deviations.” Transportation Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 3, July 1993, pp. 457–469.
• Kroll, B. and Ramey, M. “Effects of Bike Lanes on Driver and Bicyclists Behavior,” Transportation Engineering Journal, Volume 103, March 1977.
• Landis, B.W., “Bicycle Interaction Hazard Score: A Theoretical Model,” Transportation Research Record 1438, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1994.
• Landis, B.W., Vattikuti, V.R., Ottenburg, R.M., Petritsch, T.A., Guttenplan, M., and Crider, L.B., “Intersection Level of Service: The Bicycle Through Movement,” Transportation Research Record 1828, 2003.
• Loughery, D.A. and M. Katzman, Montgomery County, Maryland Speed Hump Program Evaluation Report, Prepared for presentation to the Montgomery County Council, January 1998.
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• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C., 2000.
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